Ester Synthesis
Creating Fruity Smells with Alcohols and Acids
Combine different alcohols and carboxylic acids to synthesize esters - compounds responsible for many fruity smells. Heat the mixture with a catalyst to speed up the reaction.
Esterification Reaction
R-COOH + R'-OH ⇌ R-COO-R' + H₂O
Temperature: 25°C
Observation:
Select an alcohol and acid, then mix them to begin ester synthesis. Heat to speed up the reaction.
The Science Behind Esterification
Key Concepts:
Esters are formed when alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the presence of an acid catalyst:
- This is a condensation reaction (water is eliminated)
- Concentrated sulfuric acid is typically used as catalyst
- Reaction is reversible (equilibrium)
- Heat speeds up the reaction
- Different combinations produce different fruity smells
Common Esters and Their Smells:
| Alcohol | Acid | Ester | Smell |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | Acetic | Ethyl acetate | Pear, nail polish |
| Methanol | Salicylic | Methyl salicylate | Wintergreen |
| Butanol | Acetic | Butyl acetate | Banana |
| Ethanol | Butyric | Ethyl butyrate | Pineapple |
Industrial Applications:
- Flavorings in foods and candies
- Fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics
- Solvents in nail polish and glue
- Plasticizers in polymers
- Artificial fruit essences
